General Business Formulas
These calculators apply broadly across industries — the core financial ratios and metrics that show up in almost any business's numbers, regardless of what you sell or build. If the Construction Formulas section is about the specifics of contracting, this section is about the fundamentals that sit underneath every business's financial picture.
Profitability
These measure how much of what you bring in actually turns into profit, and at what stage of the income statement. Gross Profit Margin shows what's left after direct costs, before overhead. Net Profit Margin takes it all the way down to the bottom line. EBITDA strips out interest, taxes, depreciation, and amortization to show operating performance independent of financing and accounting decisions — useful for comparing your business against others regardless of how it's capitalized. Return on Assets (ROA) and Return on Equity (ROE) both measure how efficiently you're generating profit, one against everything the business owns, the other against what the owners have invested.
Liquidity and Solvency
These answer the question a lender or a nervous owner asks first: can this business cover what it owes? The Current Ratio and Quick Ratio both measure short-term liquidity, with the Quick Ratio stripping out inventory for a stricter test of what can be converted to cash quickly. The Debt to Equity Ratio shows how leveraged the business is — how much of it is financed by debt versus ownership equity. The Interest Coverage Ratio shows how comfortably your operating earnings cover your interest expense, a number lenders check closely before extending credit.
Efficiency
These show how well the business is using what it has. The Cash Conversion Cycle measures how long cash is tied up between paying for inventory or materials and collecting from customers — the shorter this cycle, the less working capital your growth requires. The Asset Turnover Ratio shows how much revenue you're generating for every dollar of assets on the books, a useful check on whether your equipment and assets are actually being put to work.
Pricing and Break-Even
These are the calculators to reach for before setting a price or evaluating whether a product or service line is actually worth keeping. Break-Even Units shows how many units you need to sell before fixed costs are covered. Gross Margin per Unit breaks profitability down to the individual sale, useful when you're comparing product lines or services against each other. And Markup v Margin clears up one of the most common pricing mistakes — confusing the two leads to underpricing more often than people realize.
All General Business Tools